Effect of building integrated photovoltaics on microclimate of urban canopy layer

Building integrated photovoltaics (BIPV) has potential of becoming the mainstream of renewable energy in the urban environment. BIPV has significant influence on the thermal performance of building envelope and changes radiation energy balance by adding or replacing conventional building elements in urban areas. PTEBU model was developed to evaluate the effect of photovoltaic (PV) system on the microclimate of urban canopy layer. PTEBU model consists of four sub-models: PV thermal model, PV electrical performance model, building energy consumption model, and urban canyon energy budget model. PTEBU model is forced with temperature, wind speed, and solar radiation above the roof level and incorporates detailed data of PV system and urban canyon in Tianjin, China. The simulation results show that PV roof and PV façade with ventilated air gap significantly change the building surface temperature and sensible heat flux density, but the air temperature of urban canyon with PV module varies little compared with the urban canyon of no PV. The PV module also changes the magnitude and pattern of diurnal variation of the storage heat flux and the net radiation for the urban canyon with PV increase slightly. The increase in the PV conversion efficiency not only improves the PV power output, but also reduces the urban canyon air temperature.     

多级复合芯结构的强化沸腾传热研究

采用固相烧结技术制备了均匀多孔层、复合16芯和复合32芯三种多孔结构,并且建立了池沸腾传热测试系统来研究不同芯数量、粒径与结构高度对多孔结构沸腾传热性能的影响。实验结果表明,在测试范围内复合层高1 mm的多孔复合32芯结构传热性能较强,临界热通量(CHF)最高为386 W/cm²,传热系数最高达到9.5 W/(cm²·K)。同时利用高速摄影观察气泡行为来研究强化沸腾传热机理。可视化数据表明,相比于光滑表面,在高热通量下多孔复合表面上气泡周期更短,脱离更快,气泡的离开带来了更多的液体补充,进而不断提升传热性能,获得更高的CHF值。     

氧化石墨烯改性水泥砂浆抗氯离子渗透性能

采用快速电通量法及长期氯盐浸泡试验,研究了氧化石墨烯(GO)改性水泥砂浆的抗氯离子渗透性能,分析了电通量与表观氯离子扩散系数之间的关系,并通过扫描电镜(SEM)分析了其微观结构。结果表明:掺入适量的GO能够提升水泥砂浆的抗氯离子渗透性能,当掺量为0.06%(质量分数)时最显著,与无GO的对照组相比,水泥砂浆的电通量和氯离子侵蚀深度分别降低了34.5%和27.2%;长期氯盐浸泡60 d、120 d后,0~5 mm处的自由氯离子浓度最高分别降低了28.4%和15.3%;电通量与表观氯离子扩散系数之间存在良好的线性关系;GO有效调节了水化产物形状,减少了内部孔隙,使其微观结构更加密实,从而提升了水泥砂浆抗氯离子渗透性能。     

助熔剂和密着剂对搪玻璃的作用机理及其研究进展

搪玻璃是一种在金属表面喷涂瓷釉(搪玻璃釉),经高温搪烧密着而成的复合材料,既具有玻璃的化学稳定性,又具有金属材料的硬度大、强度高等优良特性,同时表面光滑易清洗,因此在化工、医药等行业广泛应用。搪玻璃性能取决于搪玻璃釉的成分,搪玻璃釉包括基体剂、乳浊剂、助熔剂、密着剂等,其中助熔剂中含有低熔点物质,能够降低熔化温度,破坏搪玻璃釉连续的网络结构,形成新分子键,进而改良搪烧工艺;密着剂能够与金属基体发生化学反应,增强搪玻璃釉和金属基体的结合强度,进而提高力学性能。本文简要介绍了搪玻璃釉中的各类助剂,着重叙述了助熔剂和密着剂的组成及作用机理,为今后设计搪玻璃釉及提高搪玻璃设备性能提供了参考依据。     

三种一体式MBR的膜污染趋势比较

对活性污泥—膜生物反应器、生物膜—膜生物反应器、复合式膜生物反应器的除污效果和膜污染趋势进行了研究。结果表明:活性污泥—膜生物反应器的膜污染程度最轻,膜通量下降速度最慢,膜污染也最容易消除;生物膜—膜生物反应器的膜污染程度最重,膜通量的下降速度最快;较大的曝气量可减轻膜的污染程度并减缓膜通量的下降速度。     

Biofilm in the sediment phase of a sanitary gravity sewer

Microbial activity of the sediment phase in a 1.5-km-long concrete sewer section with a cement pipe in a 540-mm diameter was investigated in this paper. SEM examinations and elementary composition analyses of the sediment samples have identified the presence of a biofilm layer at the sediment surface. Bacterial counting results with a DNA-staining technique have revealed that the amount of bacteria in this layer was 2.1 x 10(11)cellg(-1) dry wt, which is close to that of activated sludge. ATP content in the sewer biofilm was found relatively high, demonstrating that the sewer biofilm is active. Throughout the entire 1.5-km sewer section, the biofilm activity was maintained at almost the same level. Lab-scale sediment oxygen uptake flux (SOUF) tests showed that the shear flow velocity above the sediment phase linearly increases the SOUF, which of the potential value was determined to be 32gO(2)m(-2) day(-1) at an estimated shear flow velocity of 0.055ms(-1) at 25 degrees C in the sewer line, provided that the mean flow velocity was 1.5ms(-1), and the mean water depth was 220mm. Such a high SOUF value further endorsed the existence of the active sewer biofilm.     

永磁电机温度场的改进有限公式迭代算法

非晶合金材料由于其高导磁、低损耗的特点,在电机的研究、开发中受到了广泛和密切的关注。由于非晶合金电机常常运行在变频控制下且工作频率往往较高,电机内谐波含量大、发热严重。考虑到电机损耗、材料导热性能、散热面对流传热性能受温度分布的影响,将温度场计算程序与一套双重循环迭代系统相嵌套,计算7k W盘式非晶合金永磁电机的三维温度分布。通过系统内循环确保电机腔内空气温度的准确选取;通过外循环计及温度分布对损耗、导热系数以及对流传热系数的影响。从有限公式迭代算法的基本原理出发,通过对温度场数学模型的改进,简化循环中对导热系数修正的计算过程,降低每步迭代的计算量。通过对比迭代算法算得的温升分布和电机温升实验结果,验证了模型的合理性和计算结果的准确性,为盘式非晶合金永磁电机的温度分析计算提供了一种较为精确、快捷的参考方法。     

极端气温永磁体磁通测试系统

设计搭建了一台永磁体极端气温磁通测试系统。系统主要由温度控制、磁性能测试与连接组件三部分组成。通过合理的结构设计实现了可变温度环境下磁通的准确测试。利用本测试系统对两种典型永磁样品(烧结钕铁硼、永磁铁氧体)进行测试。实验结果表明:在-60~100℃温度区间内,样品的开路磁通随着温度的升高线性衰减。牌号N50M烧结钕铁硼的磁通平均温度系数为-0.09%/℃,牌号Y25永磁铁氧体的磁通平均温度系数为-0.15%/℃。     

Short Circuit Current Calculation Method of Doubly-Fed Induction Generator with Crowbar Protection Based on Flux Transient Characteristics

With the wide application of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), accurate calculation and analysis of the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection has become very important key to realizing the low voltage ride through (LVRT) capability of DFIG and establishing the corresponding grid protection scheme. In view of this, a method to calculate the short circuit currents of DFIG with crowbar protection when different types of fault occur in the grid is proposed in this paper. First, the DFIG stator and rotor 2nd-order differential equations in the cases of grid symmetrical fault and asymmetrical fault are established respectively. And the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance remains unchanged in the fault duration is obtained. On this basis, the short circuit current calculation model when crowbar resistance varies in the fault duration is derived. And then, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the short circuit current calculation model is analyzed, including the variation pattern of flux eigenvalues with the crowbar resistance, and the variation feature of flux amplitude and phase angle with the rotor speed. Besides, the transient variation characteristics of different flux components are studied. Finally, time-domain simulation tests verify that the proposed calculation method is correct and applicable to different types of crowbar circuits in the market. Besides, the influence of crowbar resistance and DFIG rotor speed on the stator short circuit current peak, peak time and current frequency in different fault cases is revealed.     

Electromagnetic Design and Analysis of a Novel Axial-Transverse Flux Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

This paper analyzes a novel hybrid axial-transverse flux permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor achieving high torque density. The stator pole pitch and the rotor pole pitch are the same. The motor is suitable for vehicle traction systems. The new axial-transverse machine has a single-sided or double-sided air gap. The machine has two adjacent quasi-U stator cores with ring-type winding, and the rotor has two PM groups, one outer and one inner. The shape of quasi-U stator core allows changing the flux path without changing power supply polarity. The analytical expressions of the no-load back-EMF and the torque are derived, after the development of 3-D magnetic equivalent circuit (MEC) model. The 3-D finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the magnetic field, torque, and cogging torque for different skewings of the PMs.